2. Szükség, lehetőség, képesség A1C2 (81) – altémák

1. Szükség, kötelesség (41) 2. Lehetőség, képesség (40)

demand verb /dɪˈmɑːnd/ [T] 2 igényel, követel vmi vmit (időt, erőfeszítést, stb.)

This job demands a high level of concentration.

need verb /niːd/ [T] 1 szüksége van vmire/vkire

I need some new shoes.

Babies need constant care.

He needs an operation.

I need you to help me with the cooking.

I badly need a rest from all this.

need verb /niːd/ [T] 2 rászorul vmire, szüksége van arra hogy (tenni kell vmit vmivel) (hogy jobb legyen)

The car needs to be serviced.

This room needs brightening up a bit.

She needs her hair washing.

require verb /rɪˈkwaɪər/ [T] igényel; követel, megkövetel

Training to be a doctor requires a lot of hard work.

Please telephone this number if you require any further information.

Skiing down a steep slope requires total concentration.

take verb /teɪk/ [T] *(took, taken) 18 igényel vmi vmit (pl. bátorságot)

It takes courage to challenge your manager.

must modal verb /mʌst/ 1 kell (szükséges/fontos megtenni/megtörténnie) (tagadva: nem szabad)

Meat must be cooked thoroughly.

I must get some sleep.

You mustn't show this letter to anyone else.

Luggage must not be left unattended.

duty noun /ˈdjuː.ti/ 1 kötelesség (erkölcsi/a feladat része) [C or U]

I felt it was my duty to tell them the truth.

He only went to see her out of duty.

necessity noun /nəˈses.ə.ti/ 1 szükség, szükségesség [U]

There's no financial necessity for her to work.

Sewing is something I do out of necessity, not for pleasure.

necessity noun /nəˈses.ə.ti/ 2 szükséglet [C]

Most people seem to consider a car a necessity, not a luxury.

need noun /niːd/ szükség (vmire/megtenni vmit) [no plural]

There's a growing need for cheap housing in the larger cities.

Is there any need to change the current system?

obligation noun /ˌɒb.lɪˈgeɪ.ʃən/ [C or U] kötelezettség

If you have not signed a contract, you are under no obligation to pay them any money.

You have a legal obligation to ensure your child receives a proper education.

requirement noun /rɪˈkwaɪə.mənt/ [C] igény; követelmény

A good degree is a minimum requirement for many jobs.

Valid insurance is a legal requirement.

Students who fail to meet the requirements of the course will fail.

college entrance requirements

compulsory adjective /kəmˈpʌl.sər.i/ kötelező

Wearing seat belts in cars is compulsory by law.

Swimming was compulsory at my school.

desperate adjective /ˈdes.pər.ət/ 2 rettenetesen szüksége van/vágyik vmire

They are desperate for help.

He was desperate to tell someone his good news.

essential adjective /ɪˈsen.tʃəl/ 1 létfontosságú, nélkülözhetetlen

Government support will be essential if the project is to succeed.

Computers are an essential part of our lives.

Water is essential for/to living things.

It is essential that our prices remain competitive.

For the experiment to be valid, it is essential to record the data accurately.

imperative adjective /ɪmˈper.ə.tɪv/ sürgős, elengedhetetlen (formal)

It is imperative (that) I speak with him at once.

inevitable adjective /ɪˈnev.ɪ.tə.bl̩/ elkerülhetetlen (szükségszerűen bekövetkező)

The accident was the inevitable consequence/result/outcome of carelessness.

necessary adjective /ˈnes.ə.sər.i/ szükséges (vmihez)

If necessary, we can change the dates of our trip.

We don't want to take any more luggage with us than is necessary.

I won't stay any longer than necessary.

He lacks the necessary skills for the job.

Is it necessary to give so much detail?

obligatory adjective /əˈblɪg.ə.tər.i/ 1 kötelező (meg kell tenni) (szabály/kötelesség miatt)

obligatory military service

optional adjective /ˈɒp.ʃən.əl/ választható, fakultatív (nem kötelező)

English is compulsory for all students, but art and music are optional.

unavoidable adjective /ˌʌn.əˈvɔɪ.də.bl̩/ elkerülhetetlen (háború, késedelem, stb.)

an unavoidable delay

inevitably adverb /ɪˈnev.ɪ.tə.bli/ elkerülhetetlenül (szükségszerűen)

Their arguments inevitably end in tears.

necessarily adverb /ˈnes.əˈser.ɪl.i/ szükségszerűen (tagadó értelmű mondatokban)

That's not necessarily true.

The fact that something is cheap doesn't necessarily mean it's of low quality.

You may love someone without necessarily wanting to marry them.

unavoidably adverb /ˌʌn.əˈvɔɪ.də.bli/ elkerülhetetlenül

She was unavoidably delayed.

Phrasal verbs:

be crying out for sth /kraɪ/ nagy szüksége van rá

a school that's crying out for more money

Phrases and idioms:

a call for sth szükség, igény vmire

a call for action/peace

be in need of sth szüksége van vmire

My car's in desperate need of repair.

be lost without sb/sth el van veszve vki/vmi nélkül (nem tud meglenni nélküle) (informal)

She's lost without her computer.

be meant to do sth tennie kell vmit (a helyes/szükséges cselekvés számára)

You're meant to shake the bottle first.

He's not meant to drive any more.

be obliged to do sth kötelezve van vmire, köteles megtenni vmit

Sellers are not legally obliged to accept the highest offer.

be supposed to be sth meg kell történnie vminek (szabály, előírás alapján)

The children are supposed to be at school by 8.45 a.m.

What are you doing out of bed? You're supposed to be asleep!

be supposed to do sth kell vmit tennie (vmilyen szabály, előírás alapján)

You're supposed to pay by the end of the month.

You're not supposed to smoke in here.

don't need to do sth/needn't do sth nem kell (megtenni vmit)

I can get there myself so you don't need to take me.

You needn't bring any food.

feel compelled to do sth kénytelen vmire

He felt compelled to resign from his job.

have (got) to do sth kell, muszáj (szükség/kényszer vmi megtételére)

I've got to go to Manchester tomorrow.

Do we have to finish this today?

They've had to change their plans.

I/you/we, etc. will just have to do sth csak ... kell (mást nem tehet, másra nincs lehetőség)

You'll just have to wait.

if/when push comes to shove ha úgy hozza/rászorít a szükség (informal)

If push comes to shove, we'll just have to sell the car.

need to do sth kell (szükséges megtenni vmit)

I need to do some shopping on my way home from work.

I need to go to the toilet.

Do we need to go with her?

needs szükséglet

her emotional needs

The city is struggling to meet the needs of its homeless people.

no need nem kell (vmit tenni); nem szükséges (vmi)

There's no need to go to the shops - there's plenty of food in the fridge.

I understand why she was angry but there was no need for that kind of language.

There's no need to shout, for goodness' sake! Just calm down.

there needs to be sth szükséges vmi

There needs to be more funding for education in this country.

Kommunikációs szándékok: A valószínűség fokainak kifejezése – Szükségesség kifejezése – Kötelesség kifejezése – Képesség kifejezése

7. lecke (A1) – 19. lecke (A2) – 43. lecke (B1) – 70. lecke (B2) – 93. lecke (C1) – 113. lecke (C2)